{"id":2272,"date":"2025-01-14T14:45:57","date_gmt":"2025-01-14T06:45:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.15zhi.net\/blog\/?p=2272"},"modified":"2025-01-14T14:45:57","modified_gmt":"2025-01-14T06:45:57","slug":"202501%e8%ae%ba%e6%96%87%e7%a0%94%e8%af%bb-black-box-prompt-optimization-aligning-large-language-models-without-model-training","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.15zhi.net\/blog\/202501%e8%ae%ba%e6%96%87%e7%a0%94%e8%af%bb-black-box-prompt-optimization-aligning-large-language-models-without-model-training\/","title":{"rendered":"202501\u8bba\u6587\u7814\u8bfb-Black-Box Prompt Optimization: Aligning Large Language Models without Model Training"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u6765\u6e90\uff1aarXiv
\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aJiale Cheng\u3001Xiao Liu\u7b49
\u5355\u4f4d\uff1a\u6e05\u534e\u5927\u5b66\u3001\u667a\u8c31AI
\u53d1\u8868\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a2023 \u5e74 11 \u6708<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e00\u3001\u80cc\u666f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    \n
  1. LLM\u7684\u5f3a\u5927\u80fd\u529b\u4e0e\u5bf9\u9f50\u95ee\u9898\uff1a
    \u5927\u8bed\u8a00\u6a21\u578b\uff08\u5982GPT-4\u3001Claude-2\uff09\u5728\u751f\u6210\u6d41\u7545\u6587\u672c\u3001\u4efb\u52a1\u5b8c\u6210\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u663e\u8457\u6210\u529f\u3002\u4f46\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u5bf9\u9f50\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u610f\u56fe\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u989d\u5916\u7684\u5bf9\u9f50\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. \u73b0\u6709\u5bf9\u9f50\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027\uff1a
    \u4e3b\u6d41\u7684\u5bf9\u9f50\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f9d\u8d56\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8bad\u7ec3–\u4eba\u7c7b\u53cd\u9988\u5f3a\u5316\u5b66\u4e60\uff08RLHF\uff09\u548c\u76f4\u63a5\u504f\u597d\u4f18\u5316\uff08DPO\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    \u9ad8\u6602\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u6210\u672c\uff1a\u968f\u7740\u6a21\u578b\u89c4\u6a21\u589e\u5927\uff0c\u8bad\u7ec3\u8d39\u7528\u6025\u5267\u4e0a\u5347\u3002
    \u53ef\u8bbf\u95ee\u6027\uff1a\u8bb8\u591a\u6027\u80fd\u6700\u597d\u7684\u6a21\u578b\uff08\u5982GPT-4\uff09\u662f\u5c01\u95ed\u6e90\u7684\uff0c\u7528\u6237\u65e0\u6cd5\u76f4\u63a5\u8c03\u6574\u6a21\u578b\u53c2\u6570\u3002
    \u53ef\u89e3\u91ca\u6027\u5dee\uff1a\u73b0\u6709\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u5bf9\u9f50\u673a\u5236\u96be\u4ee5\u76f4\u89c2\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u5f15\u51fa\u9ed1\u76d2\u63d0\u793a\u4f18\u5316\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7\u4f18\u5316\u7528\u6237\u63d0\u793a\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u66f4\u7b26\u5408\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u8f93\u5165\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u65e0\u9700\u66f4\u6539\u6a21\u578b\u53c2\u6570\u5c31\u5b9e\u73b0\u5bf9\u9f50<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u4e8c\u3001BPO\u5b9e\u73b0<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    BPO\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u529f\u80fd\uff1a\u4f18\u5316\u7528\u6237prompts\uff0c\u65e0\u9700\u5bf9\u6a21\u578b\u672c\u8eab\u8fdb\u884c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8bad\u7ec3\u6216\u4fee\u6539\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u89e3\u51b3LLM\u5bf9\u9f50\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    1. BPO\u6846\u67b6———\u6570\u636e\u6536\u96c6\u529f\u80fd\u5b9e\u73b0\uff1a
      \u8fd9\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u6784\u5efa\u4e00\u5957\u9ad8\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u504f\u597d\u53cd\u9988\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u660e\u786e\u533a\u5206\u6a21\u578b\u751f\u6210\u7684\u4f18\u8d28\u548c\u52a3\u8d28\u54cd\u5e94\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f9b\u540e\u7eed\u4f18\u5316\u4f7f\u7528\u3002
      \u5f62\u6210\u5e26\u504f\u597d\u6807\u6ce8\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3\u6570\u636e\u96c6\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6837\u672c\u4ee5\u4e09\u5143\u7ec4\u8868\u793a\uff1a(\u6307\u4ee4, \u4f18\u8d28\u54cd\u5e94, \u52a3\u8d28\u54cd\u5e94)\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
      \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      2. BPO\u6846\u67b6———\u4f18\u5316\u63d0\u793a\u6784\u5efa\u529f\u80fd\u5b9e\u73b0\uff1a
      \u8fd9\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u53cd\u9988\u6570\u636e\u751f\u6210\u4f18\u5316\u540e\u7684\u63d0\u793a\uff08prompts\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u4f20\u8fbe\u7528\u6237\u7684\u610f\u56fe\u3002
      \u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u5bf9\u4f18\u5316\u63d0\u793a\u548c\u539f\u59cb\u63d0\u793a\u7684\u6837\u672c\uff1a(\u539f\u59cb\u6307\u4ee4, \u4f18\u5316\u6307\u4ee4)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      3. BPO\u6846\u67b6———\u4f18\u5316\u5668\u6a21\u578b\u8bad\u7ec3\u529f\u80fd\u5b9e\u73b0\uff1a
      \u8fd9\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u5229\u7528\u751f\u6210\u7684\u4f18\u5316\u63d0\u793a\u6570\u636e\u8bad\u7ec3\u4e00\u4e2aseq2seq\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u81ea\u52a8\u4f18\u5316\u7528\u6237\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u63d0\u793a\u3002
      \u8bad\u7ec3\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u578b\u7684seq2seq\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u80fd\u591f\u5c06\u7528\u6237\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u6307\u4ee4\u6620\u5c04\u5230\u4f18\u5316\u540e\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u3002\uff08Llama-2-7b-chat\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      \u4e09\u3001BPO\u5b9e\u9a8c<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

      \u6570\u636e\u96c6\uff1a\u4ece 4 \u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u4e2d\u62bd\u53d6\u4e86 15000 \u6761\u6837\u672c\uff0c\u8fc7\u6ee4\u540e\u5269\u4f59 14395 \u6761\uff0c\u591a\u6837\u6027\uff08Distinct-4\uff09\u4ece 0.860 \u63d0\u5347\u5230 0.913\uff0c\u6570\u636e\u8d28\u91cf\u548c\u591a\u6837\u6027\u5747\u663e\u8457\u63d0\u5347\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      \u7531\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\u548c\u5185\u5bb9\u5b58\u5728\u5dee\u5f02\uff0cBPO \u65b9\u6cd5\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u5206\u522b\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e86\u4e24\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u63d0\u793a\u7ed3\u6784:\u4e0d\u5e26\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u7684\u63d0\u793a \u548c \u5e26\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u7684\u63d0\u793a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
      \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
        \n
      1. \u9ed1\u76d2\u5bf9\u9f50\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7ed3\u679c<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
        \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

        \u65e0\u6cd5\u76f4\u63a5\u8bbf\u95ee\u6a21\u578b\u53c2\u6570\u7684 API \u6a21\u578b\uff1a
        BPO \u63d0\u793a\u5728\u6240\u6709\u6d4b\u8bd5\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u4e0a\u5747\u663e\u8457\u63d0\u5347\u4e86\u80dc\u7387\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u5728 GPT-3.5-turbo \u548c Claude-instant \u4e0a\u7684\u6539\u8fdb\u5e45\u5ea6\u6700\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

        \u5f00\u6e90\u5927\u8bed\u8a00\u6a21\u578b\uff1a
        \u5c0f\u6a21\u578b\uff08\u5982 LLaMA-2-7B-chat\uff09\u5728\u4f7f\u7528 BPO \u540e\uff0c\u5176\u6027\u80fd\u63a5\u8fd1\u751a\u81f3\u8d85\u8fc7\u66f4\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u6a21\u578b\uff08\u5982 LLaMA-2-70B-chat\uff09\uff0c\u8868\u660e BPO \u80fd\u6709\u6548\u63d0\u5347\u5c0f\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        2. \u4e0e RLHF \u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
          \n
        • BPO \u5355\u72ec\u4f7f\u7528\uff1a\u6027\u80fd\u4f18\u4e8e\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u5bf9\u9f50\u65b9\u6cd5\uff08PPO \u548c DPO\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • BPO \u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u6cd5\u7ed3\u5408\uff1a\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u63d0\u5347\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u5bf9\u9f50\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u590d\u6742\u4efb\u52a1\u548c\u591a\u6837\u5316\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u4e0a\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • \u901a\u7528\u6027\u5f3a\uff1aBPO \u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u6a21\u578b\uff08Vicuna-7B \u548c Vicuna-13B\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0d\u540c\u4efb\u52a1\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u9002\u7528\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

          3. \u6570\u636e\u589e\u5f3a\u4e2d\u7684 BPO \u5e94\u7528<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
            \n
          • \u5728\u6240\u6709\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u548c\u6a21\u578b\u4e0a\uff0cBPO \u4f18\u5316\u6570\u636e\u751f\u6210\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u80dc\u7387\u663e\u8457\u9ad8\u4e8e\u539f\u59cb\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • \u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u6a21\u578b\uff08\u5982 llama-13b\uff09\u5728 BPO \u4f18\u5316\u6570\u636e\u4e0a\u7684\u6539\u8fdb\u5e45\u5ea6\u66f4\u5927\uff0c\u8868\u660e BPO \u5bf9\u590d\u6742\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\u66f4\u663e\u8457\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • BPO \u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u9ad8\u6548\u7684\u63d0\u793a\u4f18\u5316\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u751f\u6210\u9ad8\u8d28\u91cf\u8bad\u7ec3\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u663e\u8457\u63d0\u5347\u5f00\u6e90\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u5bf9\u9f50\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u4efb\u52a1\u8868\u73b0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

            \u56db\u3001\u8bba\u6587\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u5bb9<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
              \n
            1. \u8fd9\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u57fa\u4e8e\u9ed1\u76d2\u63d0\u793a\u4f18\u5316\uff08BPO\uff09\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u5bf9\u9f50\u65b9\u6cd5\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u6838\u5fc3\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u4f18\u5316\u7528\u6237\u8f93\u5165\u63d0\u793a\uff0c\u4f7fLLM\u5728\u65e0\u9700\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8bad\u7ec3\u6216\u4fee\u6539\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u66f4\u51c6\u786e\u3001\u66f4\u7b26\u5408\u7528\u6237\u610f\u56fe\u7684\u54cd\u5e94\u3002
              \u9ed1\u76d2\u4f18\u5316<\/strong>
              BPO \u5c06\u6a21\u578b\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u9ed1\u76d2\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u65e0\u9700\u8bbf\u95ee\u6216\u4fee\u6539\u5176\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4f18\u5316\u8f93\u5165\u63d0\u793a\u63d0\u9ad8\u54cd\u5e94\u8d28\u91cf\u3002
              \u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u7279\u522b\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5c01\u95ed\u6e90\u6a21\u578b\uff08\u5982 GPT-4\uff09\uff0c\u514b\u670d\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u8bad\u7ec3\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027\u3002BPO\u663e\u8457\u4f18\u52bf<\/strong>
              \u65e0\u9700\u6a21\u578b\u8bad\u7ec3\uff1a\u907f\u514d\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u5bf9\u9f50\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\u9ad8\u6210\u672c\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3\u6b65\u9aa4\uff08\u5982\u5f3a\u5316\u5b66\u4e60\uff09\u3002
              \u6a21\u578b\u65e0\u5173\u6027\uff1aBPO \u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5404\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6a21\u578b\uff08\u5982\u5f00\u6e90\u6a21\u578b\u548c\u9ed1\u76d2\u6a21\u578b\uff09\u3002
              \u4efb\u52a1\u901a\u7528\u6027\uff1a\u65e0\u9700\u4e3a\u7279\u5b9a\u4efb\u52a1\u5b9a\u5236\u4f18\u5316\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u5e7f\u6cdb\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u573a\u666f\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

              \u4e94\u3001\u7efc\u5408\u5bf9\u5176\u601d\u8003<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
                \n
              1. \u6536\u83b7\uff1a
                \u5f00\u521b\u6027\u7684\u5bf9\u9f50\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u8bba\u6587\u9996\u6b21\u63d0\u51fa\u5c06\u9ed1\u76d2\u63d0\u793a\u4f18\u5316\uff08BPO\u5f15\u5165\u6a21\u578b\u5bf9\u9f50\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4f18\u5316\u7528\u6237\u63d0\u793a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5b9e\u73b0\u9ad8\u6548\u5bf9\u9f50\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u9ad8\u6210\u672c\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u62d3\u5c55\u4e86\u6a21\u578b\u4f18\u5316\u7684\u65b0\u601d\u8def\u3002
                \u6570\u636e\u4f18\u5316\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7\u751f\u6210\u9ad8\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u4f18\u5316\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u63d0\u5347\u4e86\u5c0f\u89c4\u6a21\u6a21\u578b\uff08\u5982 LLaMA-7B\uff09\u7684\u6027\u80fd\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u63a5\u8fd1\u751a\u81f3\u8d85\u8d8a\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u6a21\u578b\uff08\u5982 LLaMA-13B \u548c LLaMA-70B\uff09\uff0c\u9a8c\u8bc1\u4e86\u63d0\u793a\u4f18\u5316\u5bf9\u6a21\u578b\u6548\u679c\u7684\u653e\u5927\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
                  <\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                  2. \u6539\u8fdb\uff1a
                  \u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u4fe1\u606f\u5904\u7406\uff1aBPO \u76ee\u524d\u53ea\u5173\u6ce8\u57fa\u4e8e\u5f53\u524d\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u4f18\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u672a\u5bf9\u590d\u6742\u7684\u591a\u8f6e\u5bf9\u8bdd\u8fdb\u884c\u4e13\u95e8\u4f18\u5316\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u5bf9\u8bdd\u63a8\u8350\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u53ef\u7ed3\u5408\u8bb0\u5fc6\u673a\u5236\u548c\u7528\u6237\u5bf9\u8bdd\u573a\u666f\u8fdb\u884c\u4f18\u5316\u3002
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